Java程序性能优化
一、避免在循环条件中使用复杂表达式
在不做编译优化的情况下，在循环中，循环条件会被反复计算，如果不使用复杂表达式，而使循环条件值不变的话，程序将会运行的更快。
例子：
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import java.util.vector;
class cel {
void method (vector vector) {
for (int i = 0; i < vector.size (); i++) // violation
; // ...
}
}
import java.util.vector;
class cel {
void method (vector vector) {
for (int i = 0; i < vector.size (); i++) // violation
; // ...
}
}
更正：
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class cel_fixed {
void method (vector vector) {
int size = vector.size ()
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
; // ...
}
}
class cel_fixed {
void method (vector vector) {
int size = vector.size ()
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
; // ...
}
}
二、为'vectors' 和 'hashtables'定义初始大小
jvm为vector扩充大小的时候需要重新创建一个更大的数组，将原原先数组中的内容复制过来，最后，原先的数组再被回收。可见vector容量的扩大是一个颇费时间的事。
通常，默认的10个元素大小是不够的。你最好能准确的估计你所需要的最佳大小。
例子：
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import java.util.vector;
public class dic {
public void addobjects (object[] o) {
// if length > 10, vector needs to expand
for (int i = 0; i< o.length;i++) {
v.add(o); // capacity before it can add more elements.
}
}
public vector v = new vector(); // no initialcapacity.
}
import java.util.vector;
public class dic {
public void addobjects (object[] o) {
// if length > 10, vector needs to expand
for (int i = 0; i< o.length;i++) {
v.add(o); // capacity before it can add more elements.
}
}
public vector v = new vector(); // no initialcapacity.
}
更正：
自己设定初始大小。
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public vector v = new vector(20);
public hashtable hash = new hashtable(10);
public vector v = new vector(20);
public hashtable hash = new hashtable(10);
参考资料：
dov bulka, "java performance and scalability volume 1: server-side programming
techniques" addison wesley, isbn: 0-201-70429-3 pp.55 – 57
三、在finally块中关闭stream
程序中使用到的资源应当被释放，以避免资源泄漏。这最好在finally块中去做。不管程序执行的结果如何，finally块总是会执行的，以确保资源的正确关闭。
例子：
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import java.io.*;
public class cs {
public static void main (string args[]) {
cs cs = new cs ();
cs.method ();
}
public void method () {
try {
fileinputstream fis = new fileinputstream ("cs.java");
int count = 0;
while (fis.read () != -1)
count++;
system.out.println (count);
fis.close ();
} catch (filenotfoundexception e1) {
} catch (ioexception e2) {
}
}
}
import java.io.*;
public class cs {
public static void main (string args[]) {
cs cs = new cs ();
cs.method ();
}
public void method () {
try {
fileinputstream fis = new fileinputstream ("cs.java");
int count = 0;
while (fis.read () != -1)
count++;
system.out.println (count);
fis.close ();
} catch (filenotfoundexception e1) {
} catch (ioexception e2) {
}
}
}
更正：
在最后一个catch后添加一个finally块
参考资料：
peter haggar: "practical java - programming language guide".
addison wesley, 2000, pp.77-79
四、使用'system.arraycopy ()'代替通过来循环复制数组
'system.arraycopy ()' 要比通过循环来复制数组快的多。
例子：
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public class irb
{
void method () {
int[] array1 = new int [100];
for (int i = 0; i < array1.length; i++) {
array1 [i] = i;
}
int[] array2 = new int [100];
for (int i = 0; i < array2.length; i++) {
array2 [i] = array1 [i]; // violation
}
}
}
public class irb
{
void method () {
int[] array1 = new int [100];
for (int i = 0; i < array1.length; i++) {
array1 [i] = i;
}
int[] array2 = new int [100];
for (int i = 0; i < array2.length; i++) {
array2 [i] = array1 [i]; // violation
}
}
}
更正：
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public class irb
{
void method () {
int[] array1 = new int [100];
for (int i = 0; i < array1.length; i++) {
array1 [i] = i;
}
int[] array2 = new int [100];
system.arraycopy(array1, 0, array2, 0, 100);
}
}
public class irb
{
void method () {
int[] array1 = new int [100];
for (int i = 0; i < array1.length; i++) {
array1 [i] = i;
}
int[] array2 = new int [100];
system.arraycopy(array1, 0, array2, 0, 100);
}
}
参考资料：
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~jch/java/speed.html
五、让访问实例内变量的getter/setter方法变成”final”
简单的getter/setter方法应该被置成final，这会告诉编译器，这个方法不会被重载，所以，可以变成”inlined”
例子：
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class maf {
public void setsize (int size) {
_size = size;
}
private int _size;
}
class maf {
public void setsize (int size) {
_size = size;
}
private int _size;
}
更正：
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class daf_fixed {
final public void setsize (int size) {
_size = size;
}
private int _size;
}
class daf_fixed {
final public void setsize (int size) {
_size = size;
}
private int _size;
}
参考资料：
warren n. and bishop p. (1999), "java in practice", p. 4-5
addison-wesley, isbn 0-201-36065-9
六、避免不需要的instanceof操作
如果左边的对象的静态类型等于右边的，instanceof表达式返回永远为true。
例子：
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public class uiso {
public uiso () {}
}
class dog extends uiso {
void method (dog dog, uiso u) {
dog d = dog;
if (d instanceof uiso) // always true.
system.out.println("dog is a uiso");
uiso uiso = u;
if (uiso instanceof object) // always true.
system.out.println("uiso is an object");
}
}
public class uiso {
public uiso () {}
}
class dog extends uiso {
void method (dog dog, uiso u) {
dog d = dog;
if (d instanceof uiso) // always true.
system.out.println("dog is a uiso");
uiso uiso = u;
if (uiso instanceof object) // always true.
system.out.println("uiso is an object");
}
}
更正：
删掉不需要的instanceof操作。
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class dog extends uiso {
void method () {
dog d;
system.out.pr